Notes to the Group annual financial statements l Note 7.1

7. Taxation
7.1 Income tax expense

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at year-end in the countries where the Company’s subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the income statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

Uncertain tax positions are considered by the Group at the level of the individual uncertainty or group of related uncertainties.

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

As with any enterprise, the Group faces uncertainties in the markets in which it operates and over which it has little or no control. The Group is subject to income tax in numerous jurisdictions and judgement is required in determining the provision for tax.

There are transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. Amounts accrued are based on management’s interpretation of country-specific tax law and the likelihood of settlement. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the current income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable income will be available in the future against which these can be utilised. Future taxable income is estimated based on business plans which include estimates and assumptions regarding economic growth, interest rates, inflation and competitive forces.

   2017
R’000		       2016
R’000		   
Current tax 345 990     305 420   
Current year 344 739     305 652   
Adjustment in respect of prior years 1 251     (232)  
Deferred tax (13 953)     13 363  
Current year (14 667)     14 749  
Adjustment in respect of prior years 714     (1 386)  
  332 037     318 783  
Profit before tax 1 152 898     1 050 395  
Tax at 28% 322 811     294 111  
Fair value adjustments (1 565)     (10 829)  
Expenditure of a capital nature 11 480     9 082  
Other income not subject to tax (11 421)     (5 238)  
Other expenses not deductible for tax purposes 4 434     8 090  
Tax effect of reclassification of investment in associates and joint venture to venture capital investment (44 855)     —  
Capital gains tax 2 876     2 431  
Tax effect of assessed losses not recognised 130     2 467  
Share of losses from associates and joint ventures 46 183     20 096  
Adjustment in respect of prior years 1 964     (1 618)  
Effect of different tax dispensations —     191  
Tax charge 332 037     318 783   
Effective tax rate (%) 29     30   

Notes to the Group annual financial statements l Note 7.1