Notes to the Group annual financial statements l Note 3.1.2

3.1.2 Trade and other receivables
 
Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for goods sold or services performed in the ordinary course of business. If collection is expected in the normal operating cycle of the business, they are classified as current assets. If not, they are presented as non-current assets.

Trade receivables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method, less provision for impairment. A provision for impairment of trade receivables is established when there is objective evidence that the Group will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the original terms of receivables. The amount of the provision is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate. The amount of the provision is recognised in the income statement.

           
    2017 
 R’000 
        2016 
 R’000 
   
Trade receivables  2 470 705         2 440 111    
Less: Provision for impairment  (19 020)       (13 850)    
   2 451 685         2 426 261     
Sundry debtors  98 521        75 244    
Contingent consideration receivable1  —        15 860    
Prepayments2  175 955        72 272    
VAT  52 646        92 833    
Receivables from related parties (refer to note 8) 22 702         25 719     
   2 801 509        2 708 189     
Less: Amounts included in current portion of trade and other receivables3  (2 758 997)       (2 679 023)    
   42 512        29 166     
1 Ukash was disposed of in April 2015. The proceeds included a contingent receivable of R17.5 million. The contingent consideration arrangement required the acquirer to pay in cash to the Group an additional amount of R18.1 million if certain warranties were achieved. The amounts were receivable in four six-month intervals commencing 30 September 2015. In the current year, the Group received R12.8 million (2016: R5.8 million) relating to this.
2 Included in the amount above are prepayments to customers of R89 million (2016: R23 million).
3 Included in the amount above are starter pack debtors that have a normal operating cycle period which may be in excess of 12 months.

Fair value estimation

Fair value measurement hierarchy:
Level 1: fair value based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: fair value based on inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (that is, as prices) or indirectly (that is, derived from prices); or
Level 3: fair value based on inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (that is, unobservable inputs).

Contingent consideration receivable
Changes in level 3 instruments are as follows:

           
    2017 
 R’000 
        2016 
 R’000 
   
Opening balance  15 860        17 757    
Receipts  (12 839)       (5 813)   
Gains or losses recognised in profit or loss  (3 021)       3 916     
Closing balance  —        15 860     
Total gains or losses for the period included in profit or loss for receivables held at the end of the reporting period, under:                
(Other expenses)/other income  (3 104)       3 650    
Interest received  83        266     
Unrealised gains or losses for the period included in profit or loss for receivables held at the end of the reporting period  —        3 919     

The Group’s exposure to credit and currency risk relating to trade and other receivables is disclosed in this note and note 3.

Performance of trade debtors and receivables from related parties is assessed to be as follows:

             
    Gross 
R’000
 
   Impairment 
R’000
 
    Net 
R’000
 
   
31 May 2017                   
Fully performing  2 459 389     —     2 459 389    
Past due by one to 30 days  20 341     (4 681)    15 660    
Past due by 31 to 60 days  7 408     (32)    7 376    
Past due by 61 to 90 days  2 938     (190)    2 748    
Past due by more than 90 days  32 443     (14 117)    18 326     
   2 522 519     (19 020)    2 503 499     
31 May 2016                   
Fully performing  2 313 935     —     2 313 935    
Past due by one to 30 days  100 853     (342)    100 511    
Past due by 31 to 60 days  32 298     (118)    32 180    
Past due by 61 to 90 days  16 346     (150)    16 196    
Past due by more than 90 days  46 476     (11 660)    34 816     
   2 509 908     (12 270)    2 497 638     
Portfolio impairment  —     (1 580)    (1 580)    
   2 509 908     (13 850)    2 496 058     

Receivables in respect of starter pack debtors are included in fully performing debtors above.

Trade receivables are discounted at a discount rate of 10.5% per annum (2016: 10.5% per annum) over average debtors’ days outstanding. The effect of discounting of the trade receivables balance which amounts to R8.271 million (2016: R9.514 million) is not taken into account in the previous table.

The Group holds guarantees to the value of R30 million (2016: R50 million) as security over specific customers included in trade receivables. The Group has further insurance cover to the value of R245 million (2016: R375 million) over trade receivable balances with certain material customers. All insured values exclude VAT.

The trade receivables that are neither past due nor impaired relate to independent customers for whom there is no recent history of default.

Sundry debtors are considered to be fully performing.

           
    2017 
 R’000 
        2016 
 R’000 
   
Provision for impairment of receivables                
Balance at the beginning of the year  13 850        10 927    
Allowances made during the year  20 811        8 891    
Disposal of subsidiary  —        (5 814)   
Amounts utilised and reversal of unutilised amounts  (15 641)       (154)    
At 31 May  19 020        13 850     
There is a cession of trade receivables of R2.330 billion (2016: R2.289 billion) in favour of Investec Bank Limited as security for facilities referred to in note 3                
The Group considers its maximum exposure in respect of trade receivables which have not been impaired, without taking into account any collateral and financial guarantees, to be as follows:                
Group 1  9 232        30 525    
Group 2  2 479 711        2 453 930    
Group 3  13 195        11 603     
Total unimpaired trade receivables  2 502 138        2 496 058     

The effect of discounting of the trade receivables is not taken into account in the table above.

The rating groups for counterparties are categorised as follows:
Group 1 – New customers/related parties (less than six months).
Group 2 – Existing customers/related parties (more than six months) with no defaults in the past.
Group 3 – Existing customers/related parties (more than six months) with some defaults in the past.

All defaults were fully recovered or are in the process of being recovered.


Notes to the Group annual financial statements l Note 3.1.2